How many sports are competing in the 2017 olympics

Our goal in developing and presenting the data and comparisons in TABLES 1- 4 is to provide some of the facts necessary to evaluate these options and to help answer the overarching question: what would happen if we stopped classifying athletes on the basis of sex or else allowed exceptions to that rule? More specifically, we hope that the data and comparisons are useful as people think about the following questions:. Should societies and sports governing authorities continue to be committed to equal sports events and opportunities for boys and girls, men and women?

Are there good reasons to ensure that biological females people with female bodies are included and visible in competitive sport, and if so, does it matter how they are visible? For example, is it enough that they are given an opportunity to participate at some point in development sport, or is it important that they are competitive for the win so that we see them in championships and on the podium?

Should our priorities depend on the sporting context, for example, is or should the priority be different in elementary school, junior high school, high school, college, and professional sport? Ultimately, this is the most important question for sports policymakers in this period. Is it acceptable to include everyone but still to classify on the basis of sex, like we do already on the basis of weight in wrestling and boxing?

If none of these options strikes the right balance between the two important competing interests, is there another option that does? Not aware of any men only events although I'm sure someone will prove me wrong but there is a woman only event! Comment posted by Jim, at 9 Jun Jim. More ways to spend public cash on keeping a few people in job, people who will all too soon be forgotten It annoys, this money could be spent on sport for all rather than a few professional athletes Similarly they don't all do it because of love of the sport, it's a job.

Just look at the swimmer who, too old to swim competitively, has switched to canoeing just so the gravy train continues. This is absolutely fine by me. Just don't cry 'sexism! Equality of opportunity, NOT equality of outcome, especially in something like the Olympics that by its very nature is competitive and meritocratic! Nothing wrong with mixed gender events but it is time there were also more non-gender events. There are many sports archery? Where possible this should be the norm.

Trendy events are probably self defeating. They will be uncool before they get going. Are the Olympics entertainment or competition? Comment posted by Woody, at 9 Jun Woody. The divisive identity politics cancer continues to spread.

Surely this would be the ultimate equal? I suspect that many sportswomen would not want that though. Why is that do you think? I bet the BBC got a right non-gender specific perky on when they heard about this. This whole gender thing is becoming ridiculous. Men are Men and Women are Women. In all species one gender or the other is dominant this is the natural evolution of things anything else is in nature unnatural.

Male and female genders of any species were put on this earth for one reason - so that species could breed and survive - nothing to do with religion or anything else but by nature itself. Comment posted by Schnitzengruben, at 9 Jun Schnitzengruben. Comment posted by Chris, at 10 Jun Chris.

Can I book myself on the next mission to Mars please? More quantitative research needs to be conducted to increase the applicability and generalisability of the research findings and so that conclusions about transgender people and sport can be drawn.

At a medical level, more physiological research is needed with the transgender population to accurately determine whether transgender people have an advantage in competitive sport or not. Future studies should investigate when a person can be considered physiologically as their experienced gender. This in turn should aid more inclusive i. To date, the few studies exploring the experiences of transgender people have mainly been concerned with exploring experiences in relation to competitive sport.

This research now needs to be extended to those who participate in sport-related physical activity for leisure and fitness. The barriers to, and facilitators of, football participation, for example, may greatly differ to those experienced when engaging in gymnastics, athletics, swimming or aquatic activities.

For example, feeling comfortable in swimwear may be an issue for transgender people, especially when they are in the process of transitioning, as the body is often more exposed than in other sportswear e.

Overall, it appears that the majority of transgender people have a negative experience of competitive sport and sport-related physical activities. Accessibility to sport-related physical activity needs to be improved. Within competitive sport, the athletic advantage transgender athletes are perceived to have appears to have been overinterpreted by many sport organisations around the world, which has had a negative effect on the experiences of this population.

When the indirect and ambiguous physiological evidence is dissected, it is only transgender female individuals who are perceived to potentially have an advantage as a result of androgenic hormones. Within the literature, it has been questioned as to whether androgenic hormones should be the only marker of athletic advantage or, indeed, if they are even a useful marker of athletic advantage.

Given the established mental and physical health benefits of engaging in physical activity and sport [ 13 , 14 ], the barriers transgender people experience are a significant limitation to the promotion of healthy behaviours in transgender individuals.

We sincerely thank Prof. Barrie Houlihan for his helpful advice and feedback on an early draft of this systematic review. No other sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article. Bethany Jones, Jon Arcelus, Walter Bouman and Emma Haycraft declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Sports Medicine Auckland, N. Sports Med. Published online Oct 3. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

Jon Arcelus, Phone: , Email: ku. Corresponding author. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background Whether transgender people should be able to compete in sport in accordance with their gender identity is a widely contested question within the literature and among sport organisations, fellow competitors and spectators. Method Eight research articles and 31 sport policies were reviewed. Results In relation to sport-related physical activity, this review found the lack of inclusive and comfortable environments to be the primary barrier to participation for transgender people.

Conclusion Currently, there is no direct or consistent research suggesting transgender female individuals or male individuals have an athletic advantage at any stage of their transition e. Key points The majority of transgender people have a negative experience when engaging in competitive sports and sport-related physical activity. There is no direct and consistent research to suggest that transgender female individuals and transgender male individuals have an athletic advantage in sport and, therefore, the majority of competitive sport policies are discriminatory against this population.

Open in a separate window. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria To address the first aim, articles that were selected were concerned with the experiences and issues surrounding physical activity and sport participation for transgender people. Study Selection Thirty-one research articles were considered potentially relevant to the remit of this review.

Results This section presents the findings from the research articles and sport policies included within this systematic review. Transgender People and Sport Participation Characteristics of the Eligible Research Studies The oldest research article included was published in [ 23 ] and the most recent publication was from [ 24 ]. Table 1 Study characteristics of research articles included within the review. Instead of being protective they have done little to make sport fair for transgender participators.

Transgender people who are undergoing physical transition have no place to openly participate in netball in New Zealand Travers and Deri [ 29 ] Canada To examine the re-negotiation of sex-based boundaries within the context of transgender inclusion in North American lesbian softball leagues 12 Qualitative semi-structured interviews Positive experiences were more often reported by transgender women than transgender men in relation to inclusion despite the re-negotiation of sex boundaries.

Several participants perceived testosterone as an athletic advantage in transgender male individuals when injected and female individuals endogenous.

Review of Transgender People and Sport-Related Physical Activities: Research Articles Within this systematic review, only two studies explored sport-related physical activities [ 24 , 30 ]. Table 2 Transgender-inclusive sport policies included within this systematic review.

Review of the Sport Policies Policies within this section were systematically reviewed in relation to their inclusiveness of transgender competitors i. Discussion The first aim of this systematic review was to explore the experiences of transgender people in relation to competitive sport participation elite and recreational and sport-related physical activity. Limitations of the Area and Directions for Future Research Within the area of sport, physical activity and transgender individuals, research is limited and mainly qualitative.

Conclusion Overall, it appears that the majority of transgender people have a negative experience of competitive sport and sport-related physical activities. Acknowledgments We sincerely thank Prof. Conflict of interest Bethany Jones, Jon Arcelus, Walter Bouman and Emma Haycraft declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review. References 1. Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7.

Int J Transgend. Good practice guidelines for the assessment and treatment of adults with gender dysphoria. Sex Relatsh Ther. Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies in transsexualism. Eur Psychiatry. Evidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic-referred adolescents with gender dysphoria. J Sex Med. Increase of referrals to gender identity clinics: a European trend?

In: Transgender healthcare in Europe. Book of abstracts. Accessed 6 Aug Kuyper L, Wijsen C. Gender identities and gender dysphoria in the Netherlands. Arch Sex Behav. Accessed 10 Jan Gender dysphoria and gender incongruence: an evolving inter-disciplinary field.

Int Rev Psychiatry. Non-suicidal self-injury in trans people: associations with psychological symptoms, victimization, interpersonal functioning and perceived social support. Hill D, Willoughby B. The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles. Mizock L, Mueser KT. Employment, mental health, internalized stigma, and coping with transphobia among transgender individuals.

Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality: a population-based study. Prev Med. Maltby J, Day L. The relationship between exercise motives and psychological well-being. J Psychol. Long-term follow-up of transsexual persons undergoing sex reassignment surgery: cohort study in Sweden. PLoS One. Psychiatric comorbidity in gender identity disorder.

J Psychosom Res. Partial gender request and underlying motives of applicants for gender affirming interventions. International Olympic Committee. IOC approves consensus with regard to athletes who have changed sex. Accessed 15 Aug Cavanagh S, Sykes H. Body Soc. IOC consensus meeting on sex reassignment and hyperandrogenism. Accessed 1 Feb Reeser JC. Gender identity and sport: is the playing field level?

Br J Sports Med. PLoS Med. Gooren L, Bunck M. Transsexuals and competitive sports. Eur J Endocrinol. Int Rev Sociol Sport. Caudwell J. Sport Educ Soc. Cohen J, Semerjian T. Women Sport Phys Act J. Tagg B. Transgender netballers: ethical issues and lived realities. Sociol Sport J. Travers A, Deri J. Transgender inclusion and the changing face of lesbian softball leagues. Int Rev Social Sport.

Peer victimization, social support and leisure-time physical activity in transgender and cisgender individuals. The Association of Boxing Commissions. Health and safety of combat sports participants. Accessed 16 Aug National Collegiate Athletic Association. NCAA inclusion of transgender athletes handbook. USA Gymnastics. USA gymnastic policy for transgender inclusion.

US Soccer Federation. UUSF policy amendments change. US Rowing. The rules of rowing. USA Senior Softball. The country sent its first shooting contingent of two players — Harihar Banerjee and Souren Choudhary to the Olympics during the Helsinki Games. India has been a constant feature in the sport since then and has won a total of 4 medals — one gold, two silver and one bronze at the Olympics.

Swimming has been a part of the Olympics ever since the first ever Olympics at Athens in India competed in swimming at the Olympics for the first time during the London Games.

Though quite a few swimmers have represented India at the Olympics since then, none of them have been able to earn a podium finish. The fifth place finish by Samsher Khan in m butterfly during the Olympics remains the country's best ever swimming performance at the Olympics.

Table Tennis was introduced as a medal event at the Olympics for the first time during the Seoul Games. Ever since the sport was introduced at the Olympics, India too has competed in it. The country has since participated in table tennis at every edition of Olympics but has not won a single medal. Tennis has been played sparingly at Olympics.

The sport was played continuously from Athens to Paris Games before being discontinued. Tennis made a brief return during the Mexico only to be scrapped again before making a comeback at the Los Angeles Olympics.

India competed in tennis at the Olympics for the first time during the Seoul Games when Zeeshan Ali and Vijay Amritraj took the field.

The country has since competed in tennis at all the editions of the Olympics with a solitary bronze medal from Leander Paes at the Atlanta Games in Water Polo has been an official Olympic game since the Paris Games.

India has had representation in the sport during two editions of the Games — London and Helsinki, without winning a single medal.

India competed in the sport at the Olympics for the first time during the Berlin Games. The first Indian origin lifter to represent the country was Dandamudi Rajagopal. Though the country has been a regular at weightlifting in Olympics since , with being the only exception, India has just one Olympic medal in the sport — a bronze by Karnam Malleswari during the Sydney Games. Wrestling has been a part of the Olympics ever since the Athens Games, with the only exception being Paris India sent its first wrestling contingent to the Olympics during the Antwerp Games.

The country has since won a total of 5 medals in wrestling — one silver and four bronze. Besides all the above-mentioned sports, India will make its debut at an age-old Olympic sport - Fencing, when Bhavani Devi takes the field at the Tokyo Olympics. Home Olympics-Facts. Olympics-Facts In which sports has India competed at the Olympics? India has competed in 22 different sports at the Olympics.