Apa when do you write out numbers

However, when the number comes before the noun, the usual guidelines for number use apply, as in the following examples. Exceptions : Do not capitalize the abbreviations for page s or paragraph s , even when they are followed by a numeral e. Numbers Expressed in Numerals. The purpose of reporting statistics is usually to help readers confirm your findings and analyses; as such, the degree of specificity in reporting results should follow in line with that purpose.

When your data are multilevel, you should include summary statistics for each level, depending on the kind of analysis performed. When your data are reported in a table or figure, you do not need to repeat each number in the text, but you should mention the table or figure in the text when discussing the statistics and emphasize in-text key data points that help interpret your findings.

Use words like "respectively" or "in order" to clarify each statistic mentioned in text and their referent. You do not need to repeat confidence intervals in the same paragraph or in a series when the meaning is clear and the confidence interval has not changed. When CIs follow the report of a point estimate, you do not need to repeat the unit of measurement.

Statistics uses a great deal of symbols and abbreviations when a term can be both, the abbreviation refers to the concept and the symbol indicates a numeric value. You do not need to define these when they represent a statistic or when they are composed of Greek letters. If the analysis you are performing uses multiple notation styles for symbols and abbreviations, only use one consistently throughout your paper. Use subscripts first and then superscripts, except in the case of key symbols like the superscript for prime.

All equations should be punctuated to fit in the syntax of the sentence, even if they are presented on their own line. Parentheses, square brackets, and braces should be used in that order, from innermost to outermost to indicate order of operations. And finally, when writing about percentages, always use a numeral, even if the number is less than APA rule 4. Kristen White is a professional journalist with more than 13 years of experience writing for newspapers and magazines such as "Caesar's Player" and "ProRodeo Sports News.

White has a Bachelor of Arts in journalism. Regardless of how old we are, we never stop learning. Classroom is the educational resource for people of all ages. What is internal validity? The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among study participants represent the reality of similar individuals outside the study. Internal validity is the extent to which Read more…. One of the most important sentences in your dissertation is the Specific Purpose Statement. Together with the Problem Statement Read more….

Everybody knows external validity is important. But… what exactly is it? Last Updated on: 20th August , pm APA style can be annoyingly precise with its requirements.