Is it possible to defend against reconnaissance

Many C-UAS directories exist; however, a good amount of the information is not vetted correctly or is more in an advertising format than an informative format. The latest edition had 83 technologies discussed within a page document. One of the issues that have proven to be difficult in the C-UAS arena is attempting to not only find and track a vehicle; it is attempting to find where the vehicle is being controlled from and who is controlling the vehicle. CORIAN detects, identifies, tracks, and mitigates sUAS threats using precision neutralization techniques to ensure little to no collateral damage to the surrounding radio frequency RF spectrum and existing communications.

The system can be easily deployed on a vehicle or marine vessel, providing both ground and maritime convoy protection. The system surveys the environment to enable deployed units to counter sUAS and analog video signals. The system can operate autonomously to deliver precision distributed attacks and provide rapid, responsive force protection capability in hostile environments CACI, The technology comprises proven, radar and electronic warfare systems, a camera for visual identification of targets, and a 3-D user display to provide the warfighter with advanced situational awareness.

Small, slow, low-flying drones can easily slip through current security measures, posing an undetected threat to personnel and property.

The first question in protecting the data is, does it matter if the data is seen by others? This may seem counterintuitive to this conversation; however, encrypting data carries costs that may not be needed in most C-UAS scenarios. The art of surveillance and reconnaissance tends to be done in the shadows. Now, the response to the subject aircraft is another matter, as individual companies and governments may not want to disclose the exact methods being employed and the effect these methods will have on the subject aircraft.

The system can be configured with multiple networked sensors to support a wide area of coverage, from remote field operations to congested urban environments. Captured data can be integrated into existing command and control software programs to support Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, operations, and decision-support applications General Atomics demonstrates acoustic drone-detector to US Army, The nature of most UAS platforms are inexpensive and openly available components, yet these components are often:.

Sensor data security and the threat of attacks within the cyber domain must be a part of all aspects of mission planning. Now that the foundation of combined for C-UAS has been discussed, the placement and interconnection of these sensors systems are required for triangulation of the UAS. As seen in Figure , the interlocking nature and overlap of sensors will create a triangulation of the UAS target.

In protecting the perimeter of a given facility, an in-depth analysis must take place to understand the ability to obtain the security level required before surveillance and renaissance of the area can begin. Once the reconnaissance of the area is complete the surveillance of any unauthorized UAS can occur and will be digitally documented and the appropriate countermeasures taken against the offending UAS.

Each of these factors will affect the type and number of sensors placed and how these sensors report back, store information, and are utilized during the normal course of time, or during a C-UAS threat event and the threat de-escalation and neutralization phase.

Additionally, technology refresh schedules should be considered as the UAS market continues to evolve, and the tactics and techniques from threat actors get more sophisticated. The planning for C-UAS perimeter protection must be updated to match the new threats.

Reviewing the difference between surveillance and reconnaissance in the context of C-UAS offers distinctions between the typical thought process of sensors looking down on a target and the reality of the difficulty in attempting to find UAS targets in the vastness of the sky.

The sensors that track manned aircraft are often not good at finding and tracking UAS as the size, materials, heat signatures, and overall UAS radar profiles are vastly different than of manned aircraft. The ability to discern this difference, catalog it and maintain the accuracy of the database information is imperative to avoid loss of life from an accidental mischaracterization of manned aircraft versus from a hostile UAS. The introduction of ADS-B will assist in identifying manned aircraft in controlled airspace.

The transponder will also make the task of determining a threatening UAS in this airspace easier to detect and mitigate. The use of multiple sensor suites and continued innovation in this space is required to have the best chance of allowing surveillance and reconnaissance to occur in this ever-changing and growing field of UAS.

The overall identification mechanisms, be it administrative or technical for UAS are issues that are still being developed through the creation or adaptation of policies, laws, and governances by aviation authorities across the globe. The ability for all aviation authorities to agree upon identification mechanisms, ontologies and taxonomies of the UAS arena along with national and international cooperation agreements offers an opportunity to positively impact the safety of the aviation community.

Retrieved from www. Amos, J. Satellite plane-tracking goes global. Retrieved from aviation. Big Sky Theory. Caris, M. Counter-UAS Systems. Dictionary, M. Definition of Reconnaissance. Drone Detection. Eggers, J. Retrieved from slideplayer. Encyclopedia Britannica. Factors Affecting Radar Performance. Chicago IL: Britannica Group. Airspace — Rules of the Sky. Friedberg, S. General Atomics demonstrates acoustic drone-detector to US Army. Goyal, S. Lambeth, B. Lavars, N.

Retrieved from newatlas. Marsh, G. Going Stealthy with Composities. Reinforced Plastics , pp. Pages McNabb, M. Retrieved from dronelife. Michel, A. Retrieved from dronecenter. Nichols, R. Snow, C. Making Sense of Drones. Retrieved from droneanalyst. Surveillance, D. Definition of Electronic Surveillance. Szabolcsi, R. Retrieved from murfreesboroaviation.

The new world of counter-drone technology. Thermography Fundamentals. Army Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap Wilson, J. Skip to content Student Learning Objectives — The student will gain knowledge of the concepts and framework as it relates to the surveillance and reconnaissance aspects of C-UAS Counter-unmanned aerial systems.

The student will be able to: Describe the importance of surveillance to C-UAS activities, differentiating it from reconnaissance Describe the importance of reconnaissance to C-UAS activities, differentiating it from surveillance Develop a surveillance plan for a notional C-UAS scenario, identifying processes, systems, and technologies needed, as well as mission goals and metrics Explain how detection of UAS is different from detection and interpretation of adversarial intent Explain the need for operational secrecy for C-UAS surveillance and reconnaissance activities History-What is it, and Why Does it Matter?

Previous: Chapter 4: Planning for Resiliency and Robustness. Share This Book Share on Twitter. Detects the presence of small unmanned aircraft by their radar signature, which is generated when the aircraft encounters RF pulses emitted by the detection element. These systems often employ algorithms to distinguish between drones and other small, low-flying objects, such as birds.

Identifies the presence of drones by scanning for the frequencies on which most drones are known to operate. Algorithms pick out and geo-locate RF-emitting devices in the area that are likely to be drones. Detects drones by recognizing the unique sounds produced by their motors. Acoustic systems rely on a library of sounds produced by known drones, which are then matched to sounds detected in the operating environment. Many systems integrate a variety of different sensor types in order to provide a more robust detection capability.

For example, a system might include an acoustic sensor that cues an optical camera when it detects a potential drone in the vicinity.

The use of multiple detection elements may also be intended to increase the probability of successful detection, given that no individual detection method is entirely failproof. Generally, from the surface up to 4, feet MSL including the airspace above the horizontal boundary up to 10, feet MSL. Generally, airspace from the surface up to 2, feet above the airport elevation. These headers include information like what browser you're using, what language your computer is set to, and other technical details.

Do Not Track is a simple, machine-readable header indicating that you don't want to be tracked. Because this signal is a header, and not a cookie, users can clear their cookies at will without disrupting the functionality of the Do Not Track flag. In all the major browsers, there is an easy way to tell websites that you do not want to be tracked by setting the Do Not Track header.

Unfortunately, most websites and online trackers — with some laudable exceptions — currently ignore the Do Not Track signal entirely. Setting your browser to unblock ads from websites that commit to respecting Do Not Track rewards companies that are respecting user privacy, incentivizing more companies to respect Do Not Track in order to have their ads shown at all.

Over time, we believe we can shift the norms on the Web to ensure privacy and respect for users comes first. But that can only happen if online advertisers are incentivized to respect user choices. Browser fingerprinting is quite a powerful method of tracking users around the Internet. There are some defensive measures that can be taken with existing browsers, but none of them are ideal.

In practice, the most realistic protection is using the Tor Browser, which has put a lot of effort into reducing browser fingerprintability.

For more information on how to protect yourself against fingerprinting, visit our learning page. A Project of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. See how trackers view your browser. What is Do Not Track? About Cover Your Tracks is two things: a tool for users to understand how unique and identifiable their browser makes them online, and a research project to uncover the tools and techniques of online trackers and test the efficacy of privacy add-ons.

Methodology The results of Cover Your Tracks use several simulated tracking domains to trigger tracker blockers. Win32, Linux x86 Your system language e. What is fingerprinting? What does it mean if my browser is unique? Browser fingerprinting is both difficult to detect and and extremely difficult to thwart. Why would I want to unblock ads that respect Do Not Track?